Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024

E-ISSN: 2723 - 6692

P-ISSN: 2723 - 6595

http://jiss.publikasiindonesia.id/

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3049

Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Volleyball on Physical

Fitness Improvement in Male and Female Students of the

Communication Science Program at UPN Veteran Yogyakarta

Sumintarsih, Tri Saptono, Hanafi Mustofa

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Email: sumintarsih@upnyk.ac.id, tri.sapt[email protected].id, hanafi.must[email protected]

Correspondence: sumintarsih@upnyk.ac.id

KEYWORDS

ABSTRACT

Fitness; Physical; Volleyball

Research objectives the effect of volleyball games on improving the

physical fitness of male students. The effect of volleyball games on

improving the physical fitness of female students. The difference in

the effect of volleyball games between male and female students on

improving physical fitness. This research an uses experimental

method. The population of this research were students of the

Communication Science Study Program of UPN "Veteran"

Yogyakarta in the academic year 2023/2024 who were taking the

Sports II course in volleyball. The data analysis method of this study

uses the t-test. Test your data analysis requirements using

normality and homogeneity tests. Research Results: 1) The average

effect of volleyball games on increasing the physical fitness of male

students is 2.431666667. 2) The average effect of volleyball games

on the physical fitness of female students is 3.001666667. 3) The

difference in the effect of volleyball games on improving physical

fitness between male and female students is an average difference

of 0.57.

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Introduction

As technology develops, people have less and less opportunity to do physical activities, which

leads to a decrease in physical fitness. Intensive learning activities, especially those that involve

sitting in front of a computer, need to be balanced with physical activity to maintain fitness (Bonnet

& Cheval, 2023; Genin et al., 2018).

Sports education at UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta includes various sports such as gymnastics,

volleyball, basketball, basketball and soccer. The importance of sports in the formation of knowledge,

attitudes and physical fitness is explained by Dini Rosdiani (2012). The purpose of this study was to

clarify the differences in the effect of increasing the physical fitness of male students and female

students who attended volleyball lectures, as well as a comparison of effectiveness in improving

students' physical fitness.

The characteristics of sports education include several important aspects that distinguish it

from other areas of education. Here are some of its key characteristics: (Siedentop et al., 2019)

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3050

a. Physical Activity at the Core of Learning. Sport education focuses on physical activities that aim

to develop fitness, motor skills, and an understanding of the importance of physical health. It

involves exercises, games and sports to improve the physical quality of students.

b. Motor skill development. Sport education helps students develop basic motor skills, such as

coordination, balance, strength, agility and flexibility. Mastery of these skills is essential for

participation in a variety of physical activities.

c. Character and social value building through sport, students are taught values such as

sportsmanship, cooperation, discipline, honesty, responsibility, and respect for others. These

values help in building character and positive attitudes outside the sporting context.

d. A holistic approach to health and wellness, sports education includes an understanding of the

physical, mental and emotional aspects of health. Through sport, students learn about the

importance of a healthy lifestyle, a balanced diet, and the benefits of physical activity for mental

health.

e. Encouraging active participation sports education is designed to engage all students in fun and

challenging physical activities, and motivate them to be physically active throughout life. It

emphasizes active participation over competition.

f. Process-based teaching and self-improvement. Sport education often emphasizes the process

of learning and individual improvement, rather than focusing solely on results or winning. This

encourages students to train and develop according to their own abilities and limits.

g. Integration of theory and practice. Sport education combines theory, such as anatomy,

physiology and training principles, with practical experience in the field. An understanding of

this basic theory helps students to understand the reasoning behind certain exercises and

movements.

Adaptation to individual differences. Sport education should consider physical, psychological

and social differences among learners (Bessa et al., 2021). These characteristics make sports

education a learning tool that not only emphasizes physical development, but also mental, emotional

and social development, which are essential for the formation of healthy and characterful individuals.

The nature of physical fitness, a person's physical condition that reflects the body's ability to

perform daily activities efficiently without experiencing excessive fatigue, and still have energy

reserves for additional or emergency activities. Physical fitness is the foundation for optimal physical

health and includes various interconnected aspects. Here are the main components of physical

fitness: (Tafuri et al., 2024)

a. Muscle strength (Strength). Muscle strength is the ability of a muscle to provide maximum

power in a single effort, for example in weight lifting or sprinting. Muscle strength is important

to support activities that require power and improve physical performance.

b. Muscular Endurance. Muscular endurance is the ability of muscles to perform repetitive

movements or stay in a certain position for a long time without excessive fatigue. This

endurance is important for daily activities and sports that require long duration.

c. Cardiovascular endurance. The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessel system to efficiently

supply oxygen to the entire body during long-term physical activity. This endurance is

important for maintaining a healthy heart and efficient body function.

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3051

d. Flexibility. Flexibility is the ability of joints and muscles to move freely and painlessly within an

optimal range of motion. It is important for preventing injuries, improving posture, and

facilitating body movement.

e. Body Composition. Body composition is the ratio between fat mass and fat-free mass in the

body. A healthy body composition is the foundation of physical fitness as it affects overall

health, such as the risk of heart disease, diabetes and metabolic problems.

f. Agility and Balance. The ability to change body position quickly and control body movement in

various positions. This is especially important in sports that require fast and complex

movements.

g. Coordination. Coordination is the ability to combine multiple body movements efficiently and

in a timely manner. This is important for activities that require the integration of multiple body

parts, such as in sports, martial arts, or dancing.

Overall, physical fitness is a balance of all these components, which together form an excellent

physical condition. Physical fitness is important not only to support physical activity but also to

improve quality of life, prevent various diseases, and extend one's healthy life.

Increasing VO2 Max capacity is difficult and takes a long time. Therefore, increasing VO2 Max

capacity requires a lot of free time, not only during extracurricular activities (Prakoso & Sugiyanto,

2017).

Health and fitness are basic human needs, and achieving them requires enjoyable and sustained

physical activity. Health and fitness is not something that can be achieved in a short time. It takes

patience and perseverance to keep the program running well and consistently (Pranata & Kumaat,

2022).

Benefits of exercise on physical fitness

Exercise provides many benefits to physical fitness, improves overall quality of life, and plays

an important role in maintaining physical and mental health. Here are some of the key benefits of

exercise on physical fitness: (Keogh & MacLeod, 2012)

a. Increases muscle strength. Exercise, especially those involving weight training or strength-

challenging activities, helps to increase muscle mass and strength. This is important for

supporting daily activities, improving posture and reducing the risk of injury.

b. Improves heart and lung health. Aerobic activities, such as running, cycling and swimming,

promote cardiovascular health by strengthening the heart and increasing lung capacity. This

helps blood and oxygen circulate more efficiently throughout the body, thereby improving

cardiovascular endurance.

c. Improves endurance. Exercise improves physical endurance, allowing the body to perform

activities for longer periods of time without getting tired. Good endurance also helps one to

stay energetic throughout the day and be able to perform additional activities.

d. Improves flexibility and mobility. Stretching exercises and sports such as yoga or pilates help

improve flexibility. Good flexibility allows for more freedom of body movement and reduces

the risk of injury to muscles and joints.

e. Maintain ideal body weight. Exercise helps burn calories, which plays an important role in

maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of obesity. By maintaining a balanced body

composition between muscle and fat, exercise helps improve overall fitness.

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3052

f. Reduced risk of chronic diseases. Regular physical activity has been shown to lower the risk

of various chronic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and

osteoporosis. Exercise also helps maintain stable cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

g. Improves speed and agility. Exercises that involve quick movements and changes in direction

help to improve the body's speed and agility. This is beneficial not only in sports, but also in

everyday activities that require quick body responses.

h. Improves balance and coordination. Exercise that involves balance, such as yoga or

specialized balance training, as well as team sports, improves the body's ability to maintain

position and coordinate movements. This is especially important for older people to reduce

the risk of falls.

i. Reduces stress and improves mental health. Exercise stimulates the production of

endorphins, known as "happy" hormones. These help reduce stress, improve mood, and help

with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Physical activity can also improve sleep quality and

provide a sense of calm.

j. Improves quality of life and productivity. With a fit body, one tends to have more energy,

better concentration and increased productivity in daily activities. Exercise helps one feel

healthier, stronger and more confident.

Overall, regular exercise has a major positive impact on physical fitness, improves quality of life

and promotes a long-term healthy lifestyle.

Sports Volleyball

Volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of six players each on a court separated by a net

(Kenny & Gregory, 2015). The aim of the game is to pass the ball over the net and drop it in the

opponent's area to score points, as well as prevent the opponent from doing the same. Volleyball

involves technical skills such as passing, setting, spiking, blocking and serving.

Here are some important aspects of volleyball Basic Rules: teams consist of six players who

have specific positions on the court, each game starts with a serve, where one player sends the ball to

the opponent's area, each team is allowed a maximum of three touches to return the ball to the

opponent's area, points are earned when the ball is successfully dropped in the opponent's area, or

when the opponent commits a foul such as touching the net or touching the ball more than three

times.

Player positions in volleyball include: Setter: In charge of organizing the attack by giving the

right pass to the attacking player. Spiker (Attacker): The player who attacks by hitting the ball into

the opponent's area. Libero: A defensive player who has a special role and may not attack, but is free

to replace players in the back row without having to follow rotation rules. Middle Blocker: In charge

of blocking the opponent's attacks and sometimes also making quick attacks.

Basic Techniques: Serve: The initial blow to start the game, can be done with underhand

(bottom) or overhand (top) techniques. Passing: The technique of receiving and passing the ball from

the opponent, using the hand or forearm to direct the ball to the setter. Setting: The technique of

feeding the ball so that it is ready to be attacked by the spiker. Smash/Spike: A hard hit towards the

opponent's court to score points. Blocking: Holding the opponent's attack near the net to prevent the

ball from entering one's own area (Mitchell et al., 2020).

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3053

Physical Benefits Playing volleyball has many physical fitness benefits, including: Increases

Muscle Strength: Jumping, hitting and holding the ball increases muscle strength especially in the

hands, arms and legs. Increases Agility: Players have to move quickly and reflexively, thus improving

the body's agility. Improves Balance and Coordination: Playing volleyball requires coordination

between the eyes, hands and feet. Improves Cardiovascular Endurance: The constant activity during

a match helps improve cardiovascular health.

Mental and social aspects in addition to physical aspects, volleyball also helps in: Developing

Teamwork: Volleyball relies heavily on cooperation between players to score points. Sharpening

Concentration and Focus: Volleyball requires high focus to respond to the ball quickly. Reducing

Stress and Improving Mood: The intense physical activity in this sport can help release mood-

boosting endorphins.

Volleyball is a sport that can be played recreationally and competitively, both indoors and

outdoors (beach volleyball). The sport not only keeps the body healthy, but also improves social skills

and teamwork.

Physical Fitness Test with Multistage fitness test

The Multistage Fitness Test, also known as the beep test or bleep test, is one of the physical

fitness tests used to measure a person's cardiovascular endurance, specifically aerobic ability. It is

very popular among athletes, students and the armed forces as it gives a good idea of the heart and

lungs' ability to support prolonged physical activity (Ashok, 2008; Thomas & Credeur, 2015).

How to Implement the Multistage Fitness Test:

Field Preparation. A room or open area 20 meters long is required. Marks or lines are placed at

both ends of the track as boundaries for each repetition.

Test Instructions. Participants will run back and forth between two lines for 20 meters. At the

end of each run, the participant must reach the line before a beep is heard.

Increasing Intensity. The test starts at a low speed, and at each interval (about one minute) the

speed increases in accordance with the beeps getting faster. These intervals are called "levels" or

"stages."

Participant Endurance. Participants must reach the line each time a beep sounds. If the

participant fails to reach the line in time, they are given one chance to catch up on the next pass. If

they fail twice in a row, they must stop the test.

Calculation of Results. A participant's score is based on the last level or stage they reached

before failing to keep up with the prescribed pace. This score can be converted into an estimate of

VO₂ max, which is the maximum capacity of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise.

Research Methods

This research is an experimental study using two treatment groups, namely male student

volleyball group I and female student volleyball group II. According to Suharsimi Arikunto (2006, p.

6), "experiments are always carried out with the aim of seeing the results of a treatment" The research

design used was pre-test and post-test group.

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3054

The research design in picture form is:

Figure 1. The research design

Description:

- Pre-test

- Experimental group 1: Male students, volleyball sport

- Experimental group 2: Female students, volleyball sport

- Post-test

In the diagram above, it can be explained that first, the subjects took the test, then Group I consisted

of male students who played volleyball, and Group II consisted of female students who played

volleyball.

Research Population and Sample

This study's population included all students of the Communication Science Study Program of

UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta who will take the Volleyball II Sports course in the 2023/2024 academic

year.

Samples are taken randomly according to certain procedures, which provide equal

opportunities for each member of the population to be sampled (Siswandari, 2009, p. 6). Based on

this opinion, the author assumes a population of 50 students, which is the total population of all

Communication Science students who took Sports II in the 2023/2024 academic year.

Data Collection Technique

The data collection tool used is a physical fitness test for two groups of students participating

in sports II courses: male students in group I who play volleyball and female students in group II who

play volleyball.

Data Analysis Technique

This research involves several steps. That is, the analysis prerequisite test consists of normality

test, homogeneity test, and difference test. The steps of each data analysis are as follows. a) Normality

test was conducted using the Kolmogurov-Smirnov test. b) The homogeneity test was conducted

using the Levene test with the F test using the SPSS 16 program. c) Data analysis in this study was

conducted using the T-test.

Results and Discussion

A description of the results of the analysis of physical fitness data using the graded fitness test

in the comparison group can be seen in the following table. The data results of each variable are

summed up to form the final test data before testing. To improve the results of the initial test and final

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3055

test. When compared with male and female student volleyball games, it can be seen that the average

increase in physical fitness of male student volleyball groups is 2.431666667, lower than the increase

in physical fitness of female students, where the average increase in physical fitness is 3.001666667.

Table 1. Data description of physical fitness results with multistage fitness test

Treatment

Gender

Statistics

Initial test results

Final test results

Improved

Sports Volleyball

Mhs Putra

Total

213,82

228,41

14,59

Mean

35,63666667

38,06833333

2,43166667

3,387041482

6,392245302

1,83559709

Female

student

Total

151,6

169,61

18,01

Mean

25,26666667

28,26833333

3,00166667

1,555634919

4,235569619

1,49372577

Source: Data processed, 2024

Table 2. Average value of physical fitness improvement

No.

Treatment group

Physical fitness improvement score

Class I Male students volleyball sport

2,43166667

Kel II Female students of volleyball sport

3,00166667

Source: Data processed, 2024

Data Analysis

Previously, data normality tests was conducted using the Lilliefors method. The results showed

that all groups were normally distributed.

Table 3. Summary of Data Normality Test Results

Treatment

group

Mean

Counter

tabel

conclusion

KP1

2,431666667

1,83559709

0,1662

0,319

Normally

distributed

KP2

3,001666667

1,493725767

0,2649

0,319

Normally

distributed

Source: Data processed, 2024

The results of the normality test conducted on KP1 show the value of Lcount = 0.1662. This

value is less than the critical limit at the 5% significance level, namely Ltabel = 0.319. It can be

concluded that the KP1 data is normally distributed. From the results of the normality test conducted

on KP2, the value of Lcount = 0.2649 was obtained. This value is less than the critical limit at the 5%

significance level, namely Ltabel = 0.319. It can be concluded that the KP2 data is normally distributed.

The homogeneity test using the Bartlet test showed that the variance between groups was

homogeneous. The homogeneity test resulted in a value of χ2o = 0.725733. If K-1 = 4 -1 = 3 then the

χ2 table is 5% = 7.81 so it gives a value of χ2 = 0.725733 smaller than the χ2 table 5% = 7.81. It can

be concluded that there are homogeneous variances in the groups in this study.

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3056

The results of this study provide further interpretation of the results of the data analysis

presented. The results based on hypothesis testing are:

a. The effect of volleyball games on improving the physical fitness of male students. Based on

testing the first hypothesis, it is known that there is a real influence between groups of male

students on volleyball with a mean of 2.431666667 on increasing physical fitness.

b. The effect of volleyball games on improving students' physical fitness. Based on testing the

second hypothesis, it shows that the achievement of an average of 3.001666667 has a real

impact on increasing the physical fitness of a group of female students in volleyball.

c. Differences in the effect of volleyball games on improving physical fitness between male and

female students. Based on the hypothesis test, there is a real difference in the impact of

increasing physical fitness between the group of male students who play volleyball and the

group of female students who play volleyball. The group of male students who participated in

volleyball sports recorded an average increase in physical fitness of 2.431666667, and the

group of female students who participated in volleyball sports recorded an average increase in

physical fitness of 3.001666667. When compared with the figures obtained from data analysis,

it can be seen that there is an average difference of 0.57 when comparing the average increase

in physical fitness of students through volleyball. It can be concluded that female students who

play volleyball have a greater increase in physical fitness than male students.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the average effect of volleyball games on increasing

the physical fitness of male students is 2.43166667. The average effect of volleyball games on

improving the physical fitness of female students is 3.00166667. There is a difference of 0.57 between

male and female students on the effect of volleyball games on improving physical fitness. The

selection of student sports at UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, should consider the effectiveness and

efficiency of the type of sport in order to improve student physical fitness optimally. The difference

between male and female students has a better increase in physical fitness than male students, so the

characteristics of students, especially gender, must be considered in choosing the appropriate sport.

References

Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu PendekatanPraktik. Rineka Cipta.

Ashok, C. (2008). Test your Physical Fitness. Gyan Publishing House.

Bessa, C., Hastie, P., Ramos, A., & Mesquita, I. (2021). What Actually Differs between Traditional

Teaching and Sport Education in Students’ Learning Outcomes? A Critical Systematic Review.

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 110–125. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.110

Bonnet, C. T., & Cheval, B. (2023). Sitting vs. standing: an urgent need to rebalance our world. Health

Psychology Review, 17(4), 673–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2022.2150673

Genin, P. M., Dessenne, P., Finaud, J., Pereira, B., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2018). Health and Fitness

Benefits But Low Adherence Rate. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 60(9),

e455–e462. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001394

Kenny, B. J., & Gregory, C. R. (2015). Volleyball: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics.

Keogh, J. W. L., & MacLeod, R. D. (2012). Body Composition, Physical Fitness, Functional Performance,

Quality of Life, and Fatigue Benefits of Exercise for Prostate Cancer Patients: A Systematic

e-ISSN: 🕮2723-6692 p-ISSN: 2723-6595

Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 3057

Review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 43(1), 96–110.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.03.006

Mitchell, S. A. , Oslin, J. L., & Griffin, L. L. (2020). Teaching sport concepts and skills: A tactical games

approach. Human Kinetics.

Prakoso, G. P. W., & Sugiyanto, F. (2017). Pengaruh metode latihan dan daya tahan otot tungkai

terhadap hasil peningkatan kapasitas VO2Max pemain bola basket. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 5(2),

151. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v5i2.10177

Pranata, D., & Kumaat, N. (2022). Pengaruh Olahraga dan Model Latihan Fisik Terhadap Kebugaran

Jasmani Remaja: Literature Review. Jurnal Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 10(2), 107–116.

Rosdiani, D. (2012). Dinamika Olahraga dan Pengembangan nilai. Alfabeta.

Siedentop, D., Hastie, P., & Mars, H. Van der. (2019). Complete guide to Sport Education. Human

Kinetics.

Siswandari. (2009). Statistika computer based. LPP UNS dan UNS Press.

Tafuri, F., Martinez-Roig, R., Susanto, N., Setyawan, H., & Latino, F. (2024). Physically Active Lifestyles

within the School context: Morpho-Physiological and Functional Aspects. Retos, 58, 48–60.

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.106154

Thomas, D., & Credeur, D. P. (2015). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Techniques to Evaluate Exercise

Intolerance (pp. 211–255). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1801-0_12