Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024
E-ISSN:2723 – 6692
P-ISSN:2723– 6595
http://jiss.publikasiindonesia.id/
Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 2464
Smart Green Concrete: Innovation of Concrete Materials from Fly
ash Waste and Lapindo Mud Integrated Smart E. crassipes Coir
Geotextile to Realize Indonesia's Sustainable Infrastructure
Siti Puput Nurhidayah, Rafi Fadlurrahman
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Email: Sitipuput02@mail.ugm.ac.id, raf[email protected]gm.ac.id
Correspondence: Sitipuput02@mail.ugm.ac.id*
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Esseng Gandak; Fly Ash, Gampa
Bumi; Lumpur Lapindo; Smart
Green Concrete
Pariaman City, situated near the Semangko fault and the Indo-
Australian plate subduction zone, is highly prone to earthquakes and
tsunamis. To address this, the Earthquake Buddy Application (EDY
App) was developed as an innovative solution for disaster
mitigation. EDY App utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
to provide real-time earthquake vulnerability maps, early warnings,
and evacuation route suggestions to Temporary Evacuation Sites
(TES). It also offers education on earthquake preparedness and
facilitates donations for relief efforts. The application’s main
contribution lies in its integration of comprehensive disaster
management tools into one platform. By providing critical
information during emergencies, the app empowers users to make
informed decisions, which can reduce casualties in high-risk areas.
The app also encourages community preparedness by offering
accessible education on earthquake mitigation. EDY App is designed
to create a disaster-resilient society in Pariaman, ensuring that
residents are better equipped to respond to natural disasters
through real-time alerts and evacuation support, ultimately
enhancing local preparedness and reducing the potential impact of
future earthquakes.
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Introduction
Environmental issues such as global warming have become a major concern around the
world. Increased carbon emissions, resulting in the depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer,
consistently increase the Earth's temperature. In Indonesia, carbon emissions mainly come from
various sectors, especially the infrastructure sector. This sector makes a significant contribution to
the increase in carbon emissions from year to year. The majority of emissions from the construction
sector come from construction materials used during construction. Some materials such as wood,
iron, glass, concrete, and brick have carbon emissions ranging from 0 to 0.5 kg CO2. Concrete is one
of the main materials in construction, which is a concern because of the high level of use even
though the carbon emissions it produces are not as large as some other materials. This is reinforced
by data from the Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) which notes that about 14 billion
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m2 of concrete is produced every year. This large amount of concrete production is certainly in line
with the high carbon emissions produced, both from the components and the manufacturing
process (Chen et al., 2023).
Indonesia has intensified its efforts in carbon mitigation, particularly in the construction
sector, in alignment with global climate initiatives like the Paris Agreement. The government’s
Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets a reduction of carbon emissions by 29% by
2030, or up to 41% with international assistance. The construction industry, a significant
contributor to national emissions, is a priority in these mitigation efforts. The *Green Building
Code* mandates the use of energy-efficient designs and sustainable materials, encouraging the
adoption of low-carbon alternatives such as fly ash, recycled steel, and sustainable wood.
Empirical data reflects progress in the sector. Carbon emissions from construction decreased
by 7% between (2019) and 2022, largely due to green building practices and the increased use of
low-emission materials like fly ash-based concrete. This material has been shown to reduce
emissions by up to 30% compared to conventional Portland cement, contributing to Indonesia’s
broader goal of sustainable infrastructure development while addressing the ongoing challenges of
climate change.
The problem of carbon emissions in buildings is most affected by the 10 components
contained in concrete. Not only that, the emissions contained or produced by concrete are also
divided into two aspects, namely raw materials and concrete production. Carbon emissions
produced in the aspect of raw materials include the mining and transportation processes.
Meanwhile, carbon emissions in concrete production consist of mixing, casting, transportation,
compaction, and curing processes. Seeing the many components and processes needed to produce
concrete, of course, a method of handling carbon emission waste generated from these components
and processes is needed. Unfortunately, until now there has been no solution that really focuses on
efforts to reduce carbon emissions produced in concrete production (Kamakaula, 2024).
In addition, Indonesia is a country with abundant fossil fuel reserves in the form of coal. Based
on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, in (2021) Indonesia has coal reserves
of 31.69 billion tons with 43% of the total reserves in the East Kalimantan region. Coal burning
produces 5% solid pollutants in the form of ash (fly ash and bottom ash or FABA) with a
composition of 80-90% fly ash and 10-20% bottom ash. Fly ash is a waste of coal combustion in
the form of a very light powder and grayish in color. FABA contains 40-60% silica, 20-35%
aluminum, 4-10% peroxide, 5-30% calcium oxide, and additives (magnesium oxide, titanium,
phosphorus oxide, and carbon) in relatively small compositions. Based on the composition it
contains, this waste can be used as a fine and lightweight aggregate in lightweight concrete (Samawi
et al., 2024).
In addition, the Lapindo mud is a problem that has not been solved in Indonesia to date. The
impact of the Sidoarjo hot mud involves losses in the health, environment, and economy, especially
for residents in Porong. However, in the midst of its negative impact, Sidoarjo hot sludge has the
potential to be used as a valuable resource, especially in terms of its composition. According to the
Lapindo Mud Management Agency, the sludge source continues to release around 30,000 to 60,000
cubic meters of sludge every day. Lapindo mud has produced various basic materials that can be
used as materials for making concrete, such as silica. Therefore, Lapindo mud can be used as a
substitute for cement. Chemical analysis of Lapindo mud conducted by Lusino in 2017 showed that
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SiO2 compounds dominated in Sidoarjo mud, with an average percentage of 51.92%. In the second
position there is Al2O3 as much as 25.07% and Fe2O3 as much as 8.53%, so that Lapindo sludge
has the potential as a raw material for pozzolan and a substitute for concrete aggregate (Abi et al.,
2015).
On the other hand, Indonesia, with its geographical location along the Pacific Ring of Fire, is
one of the most vulnerable countries to earthquake disasters. The high frequency and potential for
devastation from earthquakes in Indonesia pose a major challenge for engineers, urban planners,
and governments in building earthquake-resistant infrastructure. One of the innovations that can
overcome this problem is earthquake sensing-based concrete technology. This technology is
designed to improve the ability of building structures to detect and respond to earthquakes in real-
time, so that it can minimize damage and save lives. Concrete technology based on earthquake
sensing in the form of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) is not only a technical
solution, but also an important step towards safer and more sustainable development in Indonesia,
given the constant threat of earthquake disasters faced by the country.
This research aims to analyze the manufacturing process, effectiveness, feasibility potential,
and contribution of smart green concrete to aspects of the SDGs in Indonesia, including the stages
of its implementation. This paper is also expected to provide innovative technical solutions that
have a positive impact on society and the environment, with the hope that the application of smart
green concrete technology can improve resilience, sustainability, and efficiency in the construction
industry in Indonesia.
Materials and Methods
The data collection method used is the literature study method, which is research based on
reliable sources which is then studied, studied, interpreted, and poured in written form. The data
used is secondary data, both qualitative and quantitative, obtained from books, journals, articles,
and the internet. To validate the results of the literature study, field tests and direct implementation
of green concrete technologies must be conducted. Initially, materials such as fly ash, Lapindo mud,
and water hyacinth fibers should be sourced locally and tested for chemical composition using XRF
analysis. Following material preparation, small-scale prototypes of green concrete mixes, including
geopolymer paste and alkali activators, will be produced in controlled environments to test
compressive strength, durability, and wear resistance. Successful prototypes will then be applied
in pilot projects at real-world construction sites in disaster-prone areas, incorporating Optical
Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) technology to monitor structural integrity under stress.
Long-term monitoring and data collection will assess the material's resilience and its
environmental benefits, such as reduced carbon emissions. Feedback from local engineers and
stakeholders will further refine the technology, ensuring its practical applicability and effectiveness
in contributing to sustainable infrastructure development in Indonesia.
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Figure 1. Research thinking framework
The analysis carried out was (1) Analyzing the method of making concrete from a mixture
of lapindo mud and fly ash; (2) Analyze the method of making geotextiles from water hyacinth
waste; (3) Analyze the process of making smart green concrete; (4) Analyzing the feasibility test of
the implementation of smart green concrete; (5) Analyze the economic feasibility of smart green
concrete; (6) Analyzing the feasibility of HSE (health, safety, and environment) on smart green
concrete (7) Analyzing the contribution of smart green concrete to aspects of the SDGs in Indonesia;
(8) Analyze the stages of smart green concrete implementation in Indonesia.
Results and Discussions
Making a concrete mixture from fly ash and lapindo mud
During the manufacturing process, material preparation was carried out by collecting
Lapindo sludge from the Porong, Sidoarjo areas, as well as fly ash from various Steam Power Plants
(PLTU) spread across Indonesia. Fine material analysis involves XRF and reactivity research.
Lapindo sludge was analyzed using XRF tests to determine the composition of its content. The
grouping categories are determined based on SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ levels. If the content of SiO₂,
Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ exceeds 70%, it will be categorized as class F, while if it reaches or exceeds 50%,
it will be categorized as class C. Lapindo mud is included in the class C category, because the amount
of SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ which produces 66.72%. Meanwhile, fly ash based on its analysis, is included
in the class F category with a total of SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ of 88.77%. Both Lapindo mud and fly ash
can be used as materials to make up artificial aggregates based on geopolymer paste and cement
paste because they have a high content of Si and Al (Rosanti & Winanti, 2016).
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After preparing the materials, Lapindo mud and fly ash are heated in a furnace at 800°C for
15 hours to turn the compounds into reactive. After the heating stage, grinding is carried out to
reduce the size of Lapindo mud particles and fly ash to make it easier to test concrete. The milling
process uses a ball mill until the particle size reaches 75 μm by particel size distribution analysis
using the Mastersizer 2000 tool. The manufacture of geopolymer paste aggregates involves the use
of alkali as an activator, which is composed of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Na₂SiO₃. To achieve
a molarity of 12 M in 1 liter of distilled water, 480 grams of solid NaOH is needed taking into account
the relative atomic mass of NaOH which is 40 grams/mol. The activator alkaline mixture is then
mixed with Lapindo sludge and fly ash in a ratio of 20% Lapindo sludge and 80% fly ash. Next, the
mixture is poured into a 5 cm x 10 cm cylindrical mold (Rosanti & Winanti, 2016).
The compressive strength test results showed that the geopolymer paste with a ratio of 20%
Lapindo mud and 80% fly ash reached the highest value of 33.00 MPa at the age of 28 days, with a
wear of 25.08%. Meanwhile, cement paste with a ratio of 10% Lapindo mud, 30% fly ash, and 60%
cement has a higher compressive strength value of 39.83 MPa, but its wear is higher by 30.60%.
The maximum wear requirement to be used as a material based on ASTM C 131-03 is 50%, so that
a concrete mixture with a ratio of 20% Lapindo mud and 80% fly ash, as well as 10% Lapindo mud,
30% fly ash, and 60% cement can be used as a paste-based material (Putri et al., 2022). The mixture
of fly ash and lapindo sludge has a very high silica content of almost 50%. Silica has several
significant roles as a building material in green concrete, especially in the context of its use in
concrete. During the concrete hardening process, silica reacts with CO2 in the air and converts it
into an insoluble calcium carbonate compound (CaCO3). This process is known as carbonation, and
is a way in which CO2 can "lock" in a concrete structure, reducing the amount of CO2 released into
the atmosphere (Pamaratana, 2023).
E. crassipes Geotextile
The manufacture of geotextiles from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) involves a series
of important steps to ensure the strength and reliability of this material in concrete construction
applications. The process begins with the harvesting of hyacinth plants that thrive in the waters,
followed by the separation of the fibers from other plant parts such as leaves and roots. The
separated fibers then undergo a retting process, which aims to remove the attached pectin and
lignin substances, thereby improving the flexibility and strength of the fibers (Jirawattanasomkul
et al., 2021). After the retting process is completed, the water hyacinth fibers are carefully cleaned
and sorted to ensure their quality before entering the geotextile forming stage.
This geotextile is made through the cooking or thermal bonding technique, where separate
fibers are thermally bonded together to form a strong, porous sheet or tissue structure. In addition,
mechanical methods and the use of special textile machinery can also be used to ensure the
consistency and strength of the resulting geotextile (Abral et al., 2014). The geotextile of water
hyacinth is then integrated in a mixture of Lapindo mud concrete and fly ash as a reinforcing
additive. This integration helps to improve the tensile strength and resistance to cracking of
concrete, as well as improve mechanical properties and resistance to earthquakes
(Jirawattanasomkul et al., 2021). Concrete with the addition of 6% hyacinth fiber has an average
compressive strength value of 33.97 kg/cm2 at the age of 7 days and 48.53 kg/cm2 at the age of 28
days.
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Figure 2. Geotextiles from water hyacinth
Earthquake and Deformation Sensing
Detection of deformation due to earthquakes in concrete structures plays an important role
in alerting building occupants and accurately assessing the extent of damage that occurs (Hou et al.,
2021). Various technologies have been developed for this purpose, such as fiber optic monitoring
and Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR). The technology allows for real-time
monitoring and can effectively evaluate the integrity of concrete structures. Fiber-optic sensing
technologies such as OFDR can monitor deformation and detect earthquakes with high resolution.
OFDR can provide a detailed explanation of the distributed strain on the concrete frame structure,
directly measure the curvature of steel beams and deformation in the reinforcement cage, as well
as assess structural damage (Zhang et al., 2022).
Distributed sensing technology using optical fibers has been used for decades to detect
damage to infrastructure. OFDR is a type of fiber optic sensing technology that has high spatial
resolution and can produce accurate data on damage in concrete frame structures. The information
can be detected by the relevant station and then send a danger signal to the building occupants to
immediately evacuate.
Figure 3. Planting of fiber optic cables on concrete (Hou et al., 2021)
Figure 4. Cable layout at beam-column joints Zhang et al., (2022)
Fiber optic cables are embedded in steel and concrete reinforcement structures at each joint
of the building's beams and columns. The layout of the cable arrangement is as shown in the image
above. On the beams and columns there are two cables planted in the concrete, namely PVC and
Silicon-PFA cables. The cable is installed horizontally between the column reinforcing steel and the
beam. One other cable, that is, a polymide cable, is attached to the horizontal reinforcement on the
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beam. The cables are arranged to determine the effect of deformation that occurs on each cable. All
fiber optic cables are set to a spatial resolution of 1.3 mm with a sampling rate of 6.25 Hz. The
cables are connected to a monitoring station that can see the deformation conditions in concrete
directly.
Figure 5. Cracks arising in concrete due to the earthquake Hou et al., (2021)
Figure 6. Cable tension at beam-column joints Zhang et al., (2022)
In the event of an earthquake, the attraction will arise on the deformation of the concrete and
make the tension of the fiber optic cable increase. This is due to the difference in concrete structure
before and after the earthquake occurred. Cracks like the one in the picture above make fiber optic
cables become more attractive and tense, linear with the large dimensions of the cracks that occur.
The distribution of tension spread throughout the concrete structure will indicate earthquake
damage to the building. In the picture above, the tension of the optical cable on the concrete is
uniform. As a result of the earthquake, there are areas where the cable tension becomes higher. The
area shows the damage that occurs to the concrete structure in a building. Thus, the monitoring
station can immediately send an alarm signal to the building occupants to immediately evacuate
and take further disaster mitigation measures.
Implementation of smart green concrete in smart buildings
Concrete made from lapindo sludge waste and fly ash that has been added geotextiles, water
hyacinths and integrated with soil deformation sensors, namely Optical Frequency Domain
Reflectometry can be implemented in ordinary buildings and smart buildings (smart buildings)
Figure 7. Implementation steps
Many urban high-rise buildings in several countries have a smart building concept that is
equipped with gardens to improve air quality in the building area. Smart systems can be
implemented in garden areas to improve work efficiency.
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Gambar 8. Smart garden Torres et al. (2019)
One of the smart systems that can be applied is the automatic irrigation system. Automatic
irrigation can be an efficient irrigation method for rooftop gardening that has several advantages
such as reducing human effort to manage irrigation in the garden, applying accurate and precise
amounts of water when needed to maintain the optimum soil moisture available at the roots to
reduce the management time required on monitoring the water needs of plants and manual control
of irrigation systems (Sangeetha et al., 2022).
Figure 9. Integrated water management and monitoring management in smart buildings (Sangeetha
et al., 2022)
The automatic irrigation structure is based on IoT technology to manage groundwater
storage pumps in the garden and monitor the humidity, pressure, and temperature of the soil in the
garden. During the first stage, operators continue to run software applications through the use of
mobile portals that manage garden irrigation or through mobile devices . By using Internet access,
each server sends data to the user (Sangeetha et al., 2022).
The water monitoring and irrigation unit consists of a water pump, sensors, irrigation
sprinklers to collect water including an MCU that regulates the operation of the base. The power of
the water pump from photovoltaic is used to pump water, which is then stored as a backup to
ensure irrigation can be carried out as needed at any time in the event of a power outage (Sangeetha
et al., 2022).
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Potential feasibility of applying smart green concrete
Economic Analysis
To determine the sustainability of this innovation, an economic analysis was carried out
consisting of calculations of the cost of process tools and utilities, profit before and after tax,
depreciation, internal rate of return (IRR), and break-even point (BEP). The calculation of the cost
of the equipment is adjusted on the assumption that the construction phase is planned to start in
2025. The price of each tool is obtained from references in the market according to studies on
trusted websites and adjusted using the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI).
In calculating the Purchased Equipment Cost (PEC), the variable value of the Chemical
Engineering Plant (CEP) Index in 2025 is required. The value of this CEP Index can be obtained by
the regression equation from the graph above, which is y = 9.5267x–18,620 where y is the index
and x is the year. From the results of the analysis, a PEC value of 336871.86 USD was obtained. If
the total PEC and total installation costs are summed, a fixed capital value of 522,151.38 USD is
obtained.
Table 1. Installation cost
Component
Ratio of PEC
Fees (USD)
Control system and
instrumentation
5%
16843,59
Construction
30%
101061,56
Contingency
10%
33687,19
Engineering and supervision
5%
16843,59
Project management
5%
16843,59
Total
185279,52
From the calculation of assumptions, the entire product has a selling price of 8366 USD. Then,
the calculation of profit before and after tax includes details of fixed capital, operational and
maintenance costs, and the amount of tax. The amount of tax used is 25% of the profit before tax in
accordance with Law No. 36 of 2008 concerning Income Tax. From the calculation results, an after-
tax profit of 7,333,593.23 USD per year was obtained.
Table 2. Profiit calculation details
Value (USD)
Information
522.151,38
During the construction phase
261.075,69
Per year
10.039.200
Per year
9.778.124,31
Per year
7.333.593,23
Per year
Furthermore, the calculation of NPV and IRR includes details of cash flows and the present
value of those cash flows in each year from the start of the project to the completion of the project.
Cash flow and present value in the first to second year are negative because the first two years of
the project are the investment and construction stages of the hot-mud concrete system. Cash flow
and present value began to have a positive value in the 3rd year when the system started operating.
The results of the calculation of NPV and IRR can be seen in Table 5.
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Table 3. NPV and IRR calculation
Year
Information
Value (USD)
Present Value (USD)
1
Fixed capital
-208.860,55
-189.873,23
2
Fixed capital
-313.290,83
-258.918,04
3
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
5.509.837,14
4
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
5.008.942,85
5
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
4.553.584,41
15
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
1.755.603,91
16
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
1.596.003,56
17
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
1.450.912,32
18
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
1.319.011,20
19
Cash flow
7.333.593,23
1.199.101,09
20
Cash flow+SV
7.385.808,37
1.097.853,35
Total (NPV)
49.266.259,66
IRR
15,85%
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the system is economically feasible to
implement. This is shown by a positive NPV, IRR greater than discounts, and a short payback period.
Table 4. Results of economic analysis
Parameter
Value
Fixed capital
522.151,38
Net Present Value (NPV)
49.266.259,66
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
15,85%
Return period
3 years
This innovation supports the development of more sustainable infrastructure by utilizing
industrial waste and available local materials. Strong and environmentally friendly infrastructure
will increase Indonesia's overall economic competitiveness, attract foreign investment, and boost
economic growth.
Analisis HSE (health, safety, and environment)
The health analysis in this project that needs to be considered is the mixing process and the
use of materials such as fly ash, Lapindo mud, and water hyacinth fibers that can produce dust and
particulates. The analysis should consider effective dust control and the use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) to protect workers from potentially harmful exposure to the respiratory tract,
while waste management from all production and construction processes must comply with
applicable environmental regulations.
The safety aspect that needs to be considered is that when installing earthquake and
deformation sensors in concrete requires special technical skills and a deep understanding of
electronic systems, so it is necessary to ensure that workers are well-trained in the installation,
testing, and operation of sensors to avoid electrical accidents and potentially adverse system
failures. As for the construction stage with geotextile-reinforced concrete, it is necessary to pay
attention to the potential for accidents such as falling from a height while working at height or being
hit by a heavy object during the casting process. The use of fly ash waste, Lapindo sludge and water
hyacinth as the main raw materials in concrete shows a commitment to recycling, reducing carbon
emissions and reducing waste that pollutes the environment. Environmental analysis must still pay
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attention to the impact of the extraction and initial processing of materials on the quality of air,
water, and soil around the collection site.
Social Analysis
Social analysis for smart green concrete, focusing on impact and interaction with local
communities. Projects can have a positive economic impact through the creation of local jobs and
increased economic activity, while paying attention to social welfare by improving access to public
services such as health and education. It is necessary to pay attention to the potential for social
conflicts related to land rights and the distribution of economic benefits, and to develop strategies
to manage these conflicts with open dialogue and participatory approaches. By involving a wide
range of stakeholders and paying attention to local education and training, this project can
contribute positively to the local communities in the project area.
The contribution of smart green concrete to aspects of the SDGs in Indonesia
Role in SDGs number 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure)
By implementing smart green concrete , it has a positive impact on the industrial and
infrastructure sectors. Data shows that the contribution of the construction sector to Indonesia's
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached around 10% in 2021 by Central Statistics Agency, (2022).
By utilizing industrial waste as the main material in concrete, the project not only helps to reduce
waste but also supports the development of a circular economy and the reduction of carbon
footprint in the construction industry. The use of geotextiles from water hyacinth in construction
also has the potential to improve the efficiency of material use and reduce infrastructure costs,
while creating new opportunities for local innovation. The integration of Optical Frequency Domain
Reflectometry (OFDR) sensor technology in concrete not only improves structural safety but also
encourages the adoption of advanced technologies in the construction sector, supporting the
growth of innovation and technological advancement in Indonesia.
Role of SDGs number 11 (Sustainable Cities and Settlements)
Smart green concrete supports the transformation of cities towards better sustainability.
Data shows that more than 60% of Indonesia's population will live in urban areas by 2030,
emphasizing the need for strong and secure infrastructure (Central Statistics Agency, 2021). The
use of industrial waste as the main material in concrete not only reduces waste and carbon
emissions, but also reduces the pressure on natural resources in rapid urban development. The
implementation of geotextiles from water hyacinth in construction projects can strengthen urban
infrastructure against earthquakes, which is relevant considering that 43% of major cities in
Indonesia are in earthquake-prone zones (World Bank, 2020). The integration of Optical Frequency
Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) sensors not only improves building safety but also aids in urban
spatial planning that is more adaptive to natural disaster risks.
Role of SDGs number 13 (Handling Climate Change)
Smart green concrete makes a direct contribution to reducing carbon emissions and
increasing resilience to the impacts of climate change. Data shows that the construction and
infrastructure sector in Indonesia was responsible for about 23% of total greenhouse gas emissions
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in 2020 (World Bank, 2021). By using industrial waste as the main material in concrete, this project
helps reduce carbon emissions from the production of conventional building materials and coal
burning at coal-fired power plants. The use of geotextiles from water hyacinths not only reduces
the use of new raw materials but also helps in increasing the resilience of infrastructure to natural
disasters that are increasingly frequent due to climate change. The integration of earthquake and
deformation sensing technology in the form of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR)
in construction also contributes to reducing the risk to urban infrastructure against the impact of
earthquakes that can be exacerbated by climate change.
Stages of smart green concrete implementation in Indonesia
Parties involved
The large-scale implementation of smart green concrete in Indonesia, various parties need
to be involved in the success of this implementation. First, central and local governments have a
key role to play in providing regulations, policies, and incentives that support the adoption of these
technologies, including fiscal incentives for companies that use environmentally friendly materials
and new technologies. The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) in particular will
play a role in regulating technical standards and the quality of construction materials used. Second,
the industrial sector and construction companies need to be involved in the adoption of this
technology through partnerships and collaboration in large-scale construction projects. These
companies must invest in research and development (R&D) to optimize the use of waste feedstocks
and earthquake sensor technology. Third, academics and research institutions can make a
significant contribution through scientific research that supports technological innovation and
ensures the effectiveness and safety of the materials used. Fourth, local communities and
communities must also be involved in this process, especially in the aspect of education and
awareness of the importance of sustainable development and disaster mitigation. Finally, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies can play a role in providing
technical and financial support and promoting best practices in sustainability and climate change
mitigation.
Towards Golden Indonesia 2045, the implementation of smart green concrete technology
requires clear and structured milestones. In the 2024-2025 period, the main focus will be on
preparation and planning, including the establishment of cross-sectoral teams, the development of
national roadmaps, the procurement of initial funds, and the establishment of regulations to
support research and development. During 2026-2030, research and development will be carried
out through pilot projects in strategic regions, evaluation of results, development of national
standards, and preparation of incentive policies. In the 2031-2035 period, medium-scale
implementation will begin with the application of technology to infrastructure projects such as
school buildings, hospitals, and public housing, as well as increasing the capacity of local industries
for the production of related materials. Policy and regulatory evaluations will continue to be carried
out to ensure conformity and effectiveness. Furthermore, in 2036-2040, evaluations and
expansions will be carried out in other fields. Finally, in the 2041-2045 period, further research and
technological innovation will continue to be carried out to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
International cooperation will be strengthened to share knowledge and experience. By following
this milestone, Indonesia is expected to achieve the status of a country with environmentally
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friendly earthquake-resistant infrastructure and lead construction technology innovation in the
Southeast Asian region by 2045.
The implementation of green concrete technology in Indonesia has demonstrated
significant potential for both environmental and economic impacts. One notable case study is the
application of fly ash-based green concrete in infrastructure projects in Sidoarjo, where Lapindo
mud, previously considered a waste product, was repurposed as a key material. The project
successfully reduced the use of conventional Portland cement, leading to a reported decrease of
30% in carbon emissions compared to traditional concrete mixes (Rosanti & Winanti, 2016). This
approach not only mitigates the environmental impact of concrete production but also solves the
problem of hazardous waste disposal.
Further field tests in the Jakarta metropolitan area applied green concrete to road
construction, incorporating fly ash and water hyacinth geotextiles to improve durability and reduce
the carbon footprint. These pilot projects, monitored over a period of 12 months, showed enhanced
structural resilience, particularly in reducing cracks caused by seismic activity, which is prevalent
in Indonesia due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Monitoring through embedded Optical
Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) technology allowed real-time tracking of structural
integrity, offering early warnings of potential deformations (Jirawattanasomkul et al., 2021).
In terms of economic benefits, a feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of Public Works
and Public Housing (PUPR) indicated that green concrete applications in public infrastructure
projects could lead to a cost reduction of 20-25%, primarily due to the lower costs associated with
using recycled materials like fly ash and Lapindo mud (Samawi et al., 2024). These findings suggest
that widespread adoption of green concrete in Indonesia could contribute to achieving the
country's carbon mitigation targets while offering more sustainable infrastructure solutions. The
technology’s real impact lies in its ability to reduce both carbon emissions and construction costs
while enhancing the resilience of buildings in earthquake-prone regions.
To accelerate the adoption of green concrete technology in Indonesia’s construction sector,
concrete implementation steps and supportive policies are essential. First, the government should
establish mandatory regulations that require the use of low-carbon construction materials, such as
fly ash and Lapindo mud, in all public infrastructure projects. This can be supported by providing
tax incentives or subsidies for companies that incorporate green concrete technologies. Second, a
nationwide certification system for sustainable building materials should be developed, ensuring
that green concrete meets safety and environmental standards. Third, integrating training
programs for construction workers and engineers on the proper use of green concrete technologies
will ensure smooth adoption on-site. Additionally, pilot projects showcasing the benefits of green
concrete, particularly in earthquake-prone regions, should be expanded to demonstrate its
resilience and cost-effectiveness. The government could also promote partnerships between
academic institutions, the private sector, and local communities to advance research and
innovation in green construction materials. By implementing these steps, Indonesia can more
rapidly reduce its carbon footprint in the construction industry while enhancing infrastructure
sustainability.
Conclusion
In the midst of the increasing need for environmentally friendly and sustainable
construction materials. Smart green concrete has superior mechanical properties and is able to
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withstand cracks due to earthquakes well. The use of smart green concrete can be an effective
solution in increasing infrastructure resilience. Integration with earthquake sensors and Optical
Frequency Domain Reflectometry deformation can detect cracks in concrete, so it can help reduce
casualties. Concrete resulting from a mixture of Lapindo sludge waste, fly ash, and hyacinth
geotextiles can be integrated in a smart building that is integrated with automatic irrigation based
on solar energy in the garden to reduce the burden of air pollution around the building. The
implementation of smart green concrete can increase the usability of Lapindo mud, fly ash, and
water hyacinth which were previously detrimental and damaging to the environment, and at the
same time reduce the carbon emission footprint. This advantage makes it relevant to the
sustainable development goals that have been proclaimed by the Indonesia government. The
application of smart green concrete in Indonesia has proven to be economically feasible. This is
based on the results of economic analysis which shows a positive NPV, which is 49,266,259.66 USD
and an IRR of 15.85% which is greater than the discount. In addition, the payback period is
relatively fast, which is for 3 years. The system is also feasible in terms of HSE (health, safety, and
environment) analysis by paying attention to various factors to avoid accidents. The system also
has a positive impact on the social of the community. The implementation of smart green concrete
can be a milestone for the transformation of Indonesia's construction industry towards a greener
and more sustainable future.
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