The Relationship Between Self-Confidence and Social Interaction in Adolescents from Divorced Families in Manado City

A broken home is a family condition that experiences a split due to a problem that results in quarrels about divorce. A broken home greatly impacts the process of child development in social interaction. Children, especially in adolescence, are an important segment of life in the individual development cycle and require interaction with others in the process of self-discovery, so self-confidence is needed. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-confidence and social interaction in adolescents from divorced families. Participants in this study were 77 adolescents from divorced families in Manado City with an age range of 13 – 18 years. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. Data were collected using the self-confidence scale compiled by Lauster (2012) and the social interaction scale developed by Winslow et al.. The results of this study showed a significant positive relationship between self-confidence and social interaction, with a correlation of r = 0.477 and a significance of 0.000 (p<0.05). This means that the higher the self-confidence, the higher the social interaction.


Introduction
Broken home is an English word and translates into Indonesian i.e. family is not whole.In addition, the meaning of broken home indicates a family that is not intact, does not get along well and there are frequent quarrels (Ardilla & Cholid, 2021).The meaning of broken home can also be referred to as the state of a family that experiences a split due to a problem that results in quarrels to separation or divorce (Khoiroh et al., 2022).Family is the most important place for children's growth and development from birth to adulthood, but in broken families homes tend to be disharmonious and uncomfortable situations arise in a family.One of the criteria for broken home is parents who divorce so that children experience a lack of good moral education and affection (Paramitha et al., 2019).
Broken home greatly impacts the process of child development in social interaction.The impact of a broken home will generally make children feel sad and lose motivation or encouragement.According to Erwiyani & Puspitarini (2022) children who experience broken homes have changes in attitudes such as excessive fear, being unwilling to interact with others, closing themselves from the environment, being emotional, sensitive, high temperament, and unstable.There are several impacts of broken homes on children: (Khoiroh et al., 2022) (1) experiencing ongoing sadness, (2) blaming themselves as the cause of separation, (3) becoming more possessive, (4) difficulty trusting others, (5) loss of affection, (6) lack of self-identity, and (6) trauma to establish relationships with others.
In recent years, the divorce rate in the family has increased.Based on the 2023 Statistics Indonesia report, divorce cases in Indonesia reached 516,334 cases in 2022.The main causes of divorce in 2022 are disputes and quarrels.The number was 284,169 cases or equivalent to 63.41% of the total factors causing divorce cases in the country.Other divorce cases are motivated by economic reasons, one party leaves, domestic violence, to polygamy (Annur, 2023).Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Sulawesi Province, Manado City is one of the cities with the highest number of divorce cases in 2022 with 346 divorce cases.The results of these data prove that not a few children are victims of broken homes in Indonesia due to the breakdown of family structures that have an impact on children's social interactions, especially in adolescence.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescents are someone who is in the age range of 10-19 years.In adolescence, group adjustment still remains important for both boys and girls.This period is an important segment of life in the individual development cycle, and is a transitional period that can be directed to healthy adult development (Saputro, 2018).If adolescents can carry out the phases of social development at their age well, then adolescents will not experience difficulties in their social life and will bring happiness and success in completing developmental tasks for the next phases.Conversely, when adolescents fail to perform their developmental tasks, it will have negative consequences in their social life such as unhappiness in the adolescent concerned to cause rejection of society, and difficulties in the next phase of development (Saputro, 2018).
Adolescents need interaction with others in the process of self-discovery, namely peers, school, parents, and the community (Sholiha & Aulia, 2020).Interaction is an action carried out by a person as a stimulus for the actions of other individuals who become their partners (Prasanti & Indriani, 2017).According to Zahara (2019), social interaction is a dynamic social relationship regarding relationships between a person and others, between groups, and between a person and people with groups.Good social interaction is characterized by good cooperation and tolerance that has a positive impact on individuals in establishing close relationships with others, avoiding opposition and competition, is more confident, and respecting others (Zuhara, 2020).Based on this opinion, it can be concluded that social interaction is behavior that will form relationships in the form of repairing, changing, or influencing other individuals or groups.The role of social interaction is needed for adolescents because by interacting socially, the teenager will be sensitive to the surrounding environment where he lives and if adolescents cannot interact properly it can cause problems that can also interfere with their association, not care about friends so that they are shunned by their friends, this is one example of a problem due to the absence of good social interaction (Arianti et al., 2019).
Regarding social interaction, there is one factor that influences self-confidence.This is in line with the results of Zahara's research (2018) showing that the factor of adolescent inability to hold social interactions is low self-confidence.As stated by Vallet in Zahara (2019) a person will be able and dare to show his existence if he has good self-confidence.This self-confidence can affect social functioning in adolescents, especially adolescents from divorced families.One of the effects of a lack of self-confidence in broken-home teens is the feeling that there is no one to appreciate, no one to trust, and no one to look up to.This tendency shapes children into people who are ignorant of others, like to seek attention, are rude, and selfish, and do not listen to other people's advice (Mistiani, 2020) Researchers have conducted preliminary interviews with two respondents aged 15 years and 17 years who are broken-home teenagers in the form of divorced parents from the city of Manado.Based on the results of the interviews, it showed that the respondents still felt embarrassed and awkward with others who knew their family living conditions and sometimes aroused envy when comparing themselves with friends with family conditions that were not divorced.On the other hand, respondents can still adjust to interacting because they are still supported by the closest people who understand them to increase their self-confidence so that they continue to build relationships or interact with people around them.
Research on the relationship between self-confidence and social interaction has been carried out by several previous researchers, including Zahara's research (2018) on students at Medan Main Potential University that there is a significant positive relationship between self-confidence and social interaction which means that self-confidence has an influence on social interaction, meaning that the higher self-confidence, the higher the social interaction, Or vice versa if self-confidence is low, it will result in low social interaction.Then another study by Muniroh et al. (2018) on Class X Students of Private Vocational Schools Panca Bhakti Kubu Raya shows that there is a significant positive influence on self-confidence in social interaction where if you want to achieve good social interaction skills, then person or individual must have high self-confidence in order to facilitate interaction with other individuals.In contrast to Andriaty's research, et al (2018) showed that there is no relationship between self-confidence and communication skills, where communication is part of social interaction.
Based on previous studies, it can be concluded that self-confidence greatly affects social interaction.The link between social interaction and self-confidence in broken-home adolescents is evident in everyday life.Based on the description above, the researcher wants to further examine the relationship between self-confidence and social interaction using a theory that is different from several previous studies, especially focusing on broken-home adolescents.

Materials and Methods
The type of research used in this study is quantitative research because researchers find out the relationship between one variable and another variable in the form of a correlation coefficient.The population determined by the researchers was individuals adolescents from divorced families in the city of Manado.Based on the results of divorce case data in the city of Manado, there are around 346 children broken home due to parental divorce.The Slovin formula is used to determine the sample size taken based on the population.The number of samples in this study amounted to 77 addpeople, sampling using purposive sampling due to certain considerations by the desired criteria to be able to determine the number of samples to be studied.The sample criteria in this study are as follows: Individuals aged 13 to 18 years, referring to Hurlock's theory; they come from a divorced family; Originally from Manado City.The data collection method in this study used a questionnaire with a Likert scale regarding self-confidence and social interaction, by distributing questionnaires through social media using Google Forms.Data analysis techniques are carried out to prove the formulation of the problem and test the hypothesis as formulated based on the research objectives.Data analysis uses descriptive analysis, assumption testing, and hypothesis testing.Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that the minimum value of the score obtained by respondents for the self-confidence variable is 73 and the maximum value is 89 with an average score of 79.13.The minimum score obtained by respondents for social interaction variables is 56 and the maximum value is 86 with an average score of 81.08.Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that as many as 23 respondents or 29.9% of respondents have high self-confidence and as many as 54 respondents or 70.1% of respondents have moderate confidence.Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that as many as 64 respondents or 83.1% of respondents have high social interaction, as many as 9 respondents or 11.7% of respondents have moderate social interaction, as many as 3 respondents or 3.9% of respondents have low social interaction, and as many as 1 respondent or 1.3% of respondents have very low social interaction.Based on the normality test using the one sample Kolmogrov Smirnov test, it is known that the significance value of Self-Confidence is 0.000 (p < 0.05) which means that the distribution of Self-Confidence (KD) data in this study does not meet the assumption of normality or is abnormally distributed.Then for the distribution of Social Interaction (IS) data, it is known to have a significance score of 0.000 (p < 0.05) which means that the distribution of Social Interaction (IS) data in this study does not meet the assumption of normality or is abnormally distributed.Because the two variables in this study were not normally distributed, a nonparametric spearman test was carried out.Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that the significance value (Sig.) in deviation from linearity is 0.306 and this value is greater than 0.050 (0.306 > 0.050), so it can be e-ISSN: 2723-6692  p-ISSN: 2723-6595 concluded that there is a linear relationship between self-confidence and social interaction in this study.

Hypothesis Test Results
A correlation test is performed to find out whether the hypothesis proposed by the author is accepted or rejected.The hypothesis proposed in this study is that there is a positive relationship between Self-Confidence and Social Interaction in adolescent victims of parental divorce in Manado City.To determine whether there is a relationship, the author conducted a correlation test with the spearman correlation technique because the data is not normally distributed.The following is a table of spearman correlation test results.Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that the correlation coefficient value is 0.477 and this correlation value is positive so that it can be concluded that if self-confidence increases, social interaction will also increase.The significance value (Sig.) is 0.000 where this value is smaller than 0.050 (0.000 < 0.050), so it can be concluded that the confidence variable has a significant relationship with the Social Interaction variable.These results show that the hypothesis of this study is accepted.

Discussion
Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the hypothesis of this study which reads that there is a positive relationship between Self-Confidence (KD) and Social Interaction (IS) is accepted.This can be seen from the results of the Spearman correlation test which produces a score of r = 0.477 with sig = 0.000 (p < 0.05).The results of this study support the results of previous studies, including research conducted by Zahara (2018) which also concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between Self-Confidence and Social Interaction.
From the results of the study, it can be seen that the higher the self-confidence, the social interaction in adolescents from divorced parents will also be high.These results are in line with the statement presented by Muniroh, et al (2018) that if you want to achieve good social interaction skills, then a person or individual must have high self-confidence in order to make it easier to interact with other individuals.High self-confidence affects social interaction.While low self-confidence tends to e-ISSN: 2723-6692  p-ISSN: 2723-6595 shape individuals into people who are ignorant of others, like to seek attention, rude, selfish, and do not listen to other people's advice (Mistiani, 2020).When someone has an attitude or feels confident in their abilities, the individual concerned will not be too anxious in every action so that they can do things they like be responsible for all actions done, and have good interactions with others (Lauster, 2012).
Not a few teenagers who experience broken homes have low self-confidence so their social lives are not good (Adli & Wahidin, 2023).This statement is supported by the results of interviews conducted by the author with several sources of adolescents who experienced divorce from parents from Manado City.Based on interviews conducted on some of these sources, admitted that there was still a shame, awkwardness with the living conditions of his family that were known by others, and a sense of comparison with the family of his friends but his confidence was able to control and interact with others like nothing happened.The results of the interview showed that the characteristics of selfconfidence affect social interaction.In other words, these traits show high enough self-confidence.
Meanwhile, the results of the descriptive analysis found that broken home adolescents with parental divorce cases in Manado City who were respondents in this study, it was known that the average respondent had a relatively high Social Interaction of 83.1%.Meanwhile, 11.7% of participants fell into the moderate Social Interaction category.While 1.3% of participants fall into the category of very low Social Interaction.Furthermore, in the variable Self-Confidence of broken home adolescents with divorce cases of parents in Manado City, it is known that the average participant has moderate self-confidence, which is 70.1% and the remaining 29.9% is in the high category.The data showed that the average participant had moderate self-confidence and high social interaction.Social interaction in broken home adolescents with parental divorce cases in Manado City by several factors, namely the urge to imitate others (imitation), the influence of oneself or others (suggestion), following the ideal environment (identification), and sympathy (Gerungan, 2004).In line with the results of interviews conducted by the author broken-home teenagers with parental divorce cases in Manado City show the influence of bad suggestions and negative sympathy because they feel envious and compare their family conditions.
Lauster (2012) argues that Self-Confidence is structured by several aspects, including selfability confidence, optimism, objectivity, responsibility, rationale, and realism.The influence of bad suggestions and negative sympathy on broken-home adolescents with the case of parental divorce in Manado City shows weak self-confidence and optimism.This is what affects social interaction in broken-home adolescents with parental divorce cases in Manado City.From the results of the research conducted, the author proposes to conduct further research on social interaction by involving factors other than self-confidence.With the research study, the author hopes that social interaction can be applied well in everyday life.In addition, the author also hopes that broken-home teenagers with parental divorce cases will continue to increase their self-confidence in so that they can increase good social interaction.

Conclusion
Based on the results of research conducted by the author, it can be concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between Self-Confidence and Social Interaction in adolescents from divorced families and in Manado City.The higher the self-confidence, the social interaction in Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. x, No. 5, No. 5, May 20241234 adolescents from divorced parents will also be high.A person's self-confidence affects social interaction skills.In this study, self-confidence was classified in the medium category, while social interaction was classified as high.

Table 4 results of the Kolmogrov Smirnov Test One-Sample Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test
The author then conducted a data normality test to determine the condition of data distribution in this study.The following is a table of the results of the Kolmogrov Smirnov Test that has been carried out.