Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024

E-ISSN: 2723-6692

P-ISSN: 2723-6595

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024 924

Dynamics of Advocacy and Community Empowerment Stage

through the Resettlement Action Plan Program for the

Kampung Bayam Community in the Construction of

the Jakarta International Stadium Project by

PT Jakarta Propertindo (Perseroda)

Hifdzi Mujtahid, Sari Viciawati Machdum

Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

Email: hifdzi.mu[email protected], sari.vi[email protected]

Correspondence: hifdzi.mujtahid@gmail.com

KEYWORDS

ABSTRACT

Social Advocacy; Advocacy

Dynamics; Community

Empowerment; Resettlement

Action Plan, Jakarta

International Stadium; PT.

Jakarta Propertindo

Kampung Bayam has been included in the development of the

Jakarta International Stadium (JIS) area, which has had social and

economic impacts on the community. PT Jakarta Propertindo, the

area manager, has a social responsibility to implement a

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). This research aims to describe the

advocacy dynamics of the Kampung Bayam community in the RAP

program, as well as community empowerment in the same program.

The research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive

research type. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with 18

informants using purposive sampling techniques. The research

findings reveal that advocacy for the RAP program was carried out

through contextual principles that included information delivery,

negotiation, and consensus building. There were plans for

community participation through FGD and mentoring activities.

Community empowerment in the RAP program was achieved

through enabling, empowering, and protecting processes. The

community formed organizations such as cooperatives and opened

business stalls to promote empowerment. Efforts were also made to

increase the capacity of the Kampung Bayam community.

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

1. Introduction

DKI Jakarta, as the largest province and city in Indonesia, faces high growth dynamics. To

accommodate the dynamics of growth, DKI Jakarta must ensure the availability of infrastructure and

facilities that can support the activities of its citizens. One of them is the initiation of the development

of an integrated sports area, which started with the construction of the Jakarta International Stadium

(JIS). At the beginning of (2019), most of the land in this region was vacant. In the northern part of

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the area, residential areas develop linearly along the railway network. The area, locally known as the

Kampung Bayam Area, is included in the development of the JIS Area, and the people living in the

Kampung Bayam Area are affected both socially and economically by the development of JIS.

Economically, many communities have lost their source of income. In addition, from a social

perspective, many of their homes were displaced, so their social conditions changed.

The development of the JIS Area that can synergize with the existence of community

settlements requires a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) or resettlement action prepared based on the

actual socio-economic conditions of the people of Kampung Bayam. PT Jakarta Propertindo (Jakpro),

as the manager of the area, certainly has a social responsibility to carry out resettlement actions and

empower affected communities. The implementation stage of community empowerment carried out

by Jakpro through the RAP program is arguably interesting and quite rarely done by other companies

because Jakpro chooses steps to resettle and empower the community around Kampung Bayam

rather than just providing compensation in the form of money so that it can improve the quality of

life of the community. Community empowerment has become one of the most widely practiced

methods in Indonesia as a form of overcoming the long-term effects of social development (Ife, 1995).

Jakpro conducts land acquisition planning relatively under laws and regulations. This research

shows that the construction of Jakarta International Stadium (JIS) through the RAP program

conducted by Jakpro as a Regional Owned Enterprise (BUMD) has succeeded in improving the quality

of life of the community. Jakpro is committed to building physical and human beings at the project

site in a balanced manner as the vision of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government as a sustainable city

in the RAP program to 642 heads of families in Kampung Bayam. Residents understand that JIS land

belongs to the government, and JIS development is in the public interest, so the plan is a form of

government program. Residents only contract in the area, but they hope that there will be appropriate

compensation for the affected residents.

Based on reports from PT Deira Sygisindo (Consultant RAP PT Jakpro) shows that in October

2019, the average data shows that each family consists of 3 (three) family members. About 6% of

residents admitted that it was only in 2019 that they lived in this area. Meanwhile, residents who

lived less than 5 (five) years, which is 18.48% and there are 25.59% of residents have lived in this

area from 2010 to 2014 (for four years). As many as 87.74% of residents expressed their willingness

if the land they currently occupy is used for JIS development. Thus, 12.26% have yet to express their

desire to give away the land they have lived on so far. Based on the results of research consultants

appointed by Jakpro, in the end, Jakpro prioritizes discussion and deliberation efforts with residents

affected by development in every decision.

There are challenges faced by Jakpro and the current condition of the land, which has a

population of approximately 642 households and ±488 residential buildings, this data based on

repots from PT Deira Sygisindo and KJPP Anas Karim Rivai & Rekan. With the dynamics of

development faced, Jakpro needs to determine the right strategy so that the implementation of

development is in line with the ideal and practical stages of community empowerment so that the

company can know the scale of stakeholder priorities, mitigate potential conflicts during the

development process, determine the sustainability of development in the future, or other related

matters related to post-development socio-economic impacts. In addition to being beneficial for the

company, of course, the right stage of implementing community empowerment through the RAP

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program is also a form of prevention so that the community or WTP (Warga Terdampak Proyek) does

not experience a decrease in the quality of life after development.

Reports from planning and implementation consultant RAP PT Jakpro in August 2021, 99% of

WTPs were willing to leave the Kampung Bayam location and abide by the agreement that had been

signed together. There are 1% of WTPs who do not get compensation due to the inability to find the

WTP and or have carried out Resettlement Action independently so that they leave Kampung Bayam

first without any information left behind. After the implementation of the RAP Disclosure, the

residents of Bayam Village were divided into several activity groups; some continued their lives in

their hometowns, some continued empowerment programs through the cooperatives that were built,

and there are still those who continue the same life but only move places.

Research on community empowerment has been widely conducted in Indonesia, but research

on aspects of advocacy and community empowerment is very rarely carried out (Wilks, 2012). What

is very different in every study on community empowerment is the target community in the

empowerment program. Research that focuses on community empowerment has been carried out a

lot; for example, research conducted by Rauf A. Hatu (2010) revealed how community empowerment

in Nglanggeran Tourism Village has carried out three main strategies, namely building awareness,

capacity building, and empowerment. In addition, there is also community empowerment research

conducted by Sulistyowati & Prasetyono (2018) focusing more on the community empowerment

model through Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as a follow-up to the closure of the Dolly

localization area in Surabaya. Previous research revealed that community empowerment as a form of

mitigation of a development impact is not an easy thing; sometimes, in the process, there will always

be various problems that are pretty hampering even before development begins as the conflict that

occurred in the infrastructure development of Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang Regency arose,

especially during the stage before construction was carried out, both in structural and procedural

aspects. In fact, research by Rachmawan (2016) shows that the level of conflict increases when

empowerment is implemented through community involvement and agreement.

Previous research that discusses RAP is one of the studies conducted by Sugiana & Musty

(2023), which revealed findings of her study that the RAP program in which there is economic

empowerment of Pulo Village residents requires access to information, jobs, financial resources,

loans, and credit schemes, vocational training and programs for the creation of small and medium

enterprises, the research conducted also discusses policies and practices in housing urban Jakarta in

revitalizing the environment of Kampung Pulo along the banks of the Ciliwung river. Then, Bawole

(2015) also in his research discussed RAP used as a basis for conducting research, planning, and

implementing community-based settlement relocation programs. Akib et al. (2020) examine the RAP

law more. The results show that the law governing the design of resettlement actions must ensure

the sustainability of affected parties needs to be done by accommodating Social Impact Assessment

(SIA) and Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP).

Based on various previous studies conducted previously, no research has been found that

focuses on the RAP program in the process of implementing advocacy and empowerment programs

as a supporting factor for the success of the program. From several previous studies on community

empowerment, research on the implementation of advocacy and community empowerment in the

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RAP program to improve the quality of life of the community is essential. In addition, research on

advocacy and community empowerment in improving the quality of life of the community will also

be interesting to study because, in each empowerment program, there will be different cases both

from the advocacy process, the purpose of its implementation, the characteristics of the community

as beneficiaries, problems found and so on.

Based on empirical facts regarding the implementation of RAP by PT Jakpro, this study analyze

the dynamics of advocacy for the RAP program. The formulation of the problem in this study is how

the dynamics of Kampung Bayam advocacy in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) program carried

out by PT Jakarta Propertindo? and how PT Jakarta Propertindo carries out the process of

implementing community empowerment in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) program for the

people of Kampung Bayam?

2. Materials and Methods

The approach used in this study is qualitative research. Qualitative research is a research

approach that describes life experiences, cultures, and social processes from the perspective of the

people involved. This research uses a qualitative approach to obtain detailed and accurate data

adapted to field conditions (Neuman, 2014). According to Neuman (2014), this research was

conducted by collecting and analyzing data on field findings and presenting them descriptively. The

data presented is not only visual and oral but also contains the general meaning behind the visual and

oral data. The format of the report in this study is descriptive writing about the stages of community

empowerment through the RAP program, which aims to improve the quality of life of the people of

Kampung Bayam. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze these two things in depth so

that various kinds of phenomena that occur in the field will be written descriptively and associated

with the empowerment of the Kampung Bayam community through the RAP program. Where the

process of implementing advocacy is very dynamic, this study can describe in-depth data on how

community empowerment is carried out, describe what the stage of program implementation is like,

and reveal how the RAP program can improve the quality of life of the community.

3. Result and Discussion

In this segment, we will delve into two crucial areas. First, we will examine the dynamics of the

advocacy program at Kampung Bayam in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) initiative spearheaded

by PT Jakarta Propertindo. Second, we will explore the process taken to strengthen the Spinach

Village Community within the same program. As previously stated, our emphasis on empowerment

is centered on advocacy-driven concepts.

Dynamics of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Program Advocacy in the Kampung Bayam

Community

The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) program or resettlement action plan is carried out by PT

Jakarta Propertindo (PT Jakpro) to carry out resettlement by detailing all procedures that follow the

rules of action to be taken to resettle and compensate the people of Kampung Bayam. The

implementation of the program is relevant to the theory of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), where

the RAP program becomes a document containing the project sponsor or other responsible body

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detailing the procedures to be followed and actions to be taken to mitigate adverse impacts, by

providing assistance or compensation provided to the community of Kampung Bayam including cash

allowances that compensate affected communities for inconveniences that related to resettlement

and financing the costs of transitioning to a new location, such as moving expenses and lost working

days.

The implementation of the RAP Program for the people of Kampung Bayam was previously

carried out by delivering information for the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) program to the people

of Kampung Bayam for the first time before socialization related to the program, the organizers heard

aspirations. The activity was carried out among the people of Kampung Bayam by dividing the entire

community into three groups, with one group of 10 people representing. The purpose of the group

division is that all socialization materials can be appropriately conveyed clearly so that the

community can better understand the RAP program. The principle of delivering information on the

RAP program is quite relevant to the theory presented by Payne (2014), where the delivery of

information becomes a form of advocacy by trying to represent the interests of helpless communities

to parties who have more power in the social structure in the environment in question.

The RAP must identify all Kampung Bayam community groups affected by the JIS development

project and justify their displacement after considering alternatives that can minimize or avoid

displacement. In the process of hearing the aspirations of the socialization, the implementer of the

RAP program, in this case, PT Jakpro, outlined the eligibility criteria for affected parties, determined

the level of compensation for lost assets, and explained the level of assistance for the relocation and

reconstruction of affected households.

The implementation of the RAP program carried out by PT Jakpro is quite relevant to the theory

that the RAP must be prepared through a public consultation process with all interested and affected

parties, in this case, the people of Kampung Bayam (Leo, 2008). These conditions are relevant to those

conveyed by the IFC, which recommends that sponsors consult the publication Doing Better Business

through Effective Consultation and Disclosure: A Guide to Good Practice. Based on these conditions,

it can be emphasized in the IFC document that empirical facts on the ground show that appropriate

consultation with affected parties can increase the effectiveness and reduce the cost of implementing

the RAP for sponsors or other responsible parties, in this case, PT Jakpro.

Advocacy carried out by PT Jakpro is carried out by representing the community to be able to

convey their aspirations and interpret and represent to the authorities the construction of the Jakarta

International Stadium (JIS). The socialization process of conveying the aims and objectives of the RAP

Program can be carried out by negotiating with the people of Kampung Bayam and producing

consensus. The advocacy practice that PT Jakpro has carried out is quite relevant to the theory

presented by Rose (1990), which mentions the principle of advocacy and empowerment at the same

time by looking at the contextual focus related to the community's understanding of their aspirations

to be reflected, aspects of empowerment by seeing the implementation of the RAP Program

supporting the community to identify all possibilities to meet the needs of the community.

Negotiations and consensus carried out with the people of Kampung Bayam in its implementation

emerged an identity crisis, where there are still some people who still need to have Identity Cards to

Family Cards as a process to carry out this RAP program. The existence of socialization to negotiation

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is relevant to the advocacy approach that can be carried out through the process of educational

approach, which includes increasing understanding, as well as a negotiation approach in which there

is an effort to use communication methods in obtaining approval from the people of Kampung Bayam.

The implementation of the RAP program by PT Jakpro requires planning the participation of

the Kampung Bayam community in carrying out the RAP Program by holding a Forum Group

Discussion (FGD) activity, the activity is to discuss openly related to the holding of the RAP Program.

The participation of the Kampung Bayam community, when viewed based on Payne's theory (2020),

shows a trend of relevance where community participation is essential in decision-making making,

including related to the right and opportunity to choose alternatives. It means that the people of

Kampung Bayam still have the right to their residence to be given resettlement replacement related

to the construction of the Jakarta International Stadium (JIS).

Advocacy carried out by PT. Jakpro, through the delivery of aspirations, has been successfully

collected from the people of Kampung Bayam in various ways and methods carried out by the

management of the RAP Program, showing that there are several aspiration management so that they

become an integral part of the implementation of the RAP Program, such as the emergence of

community expectations and the hope of well-carried out negotiations. The advocacy practice that PT

Jakpro has carried out is quite relevant to the theory presented by Rose (1990), which mentions the

principle of advocacy and empowerment at the same time by looking at the contextual focus related

to the community's understanding of their aspirations to be reflected, aspects of empowerment by

seeing the implementation of the RAP Program supporting the community to identify all possibilities

to meet community needs by developing training and development of community empowerment in

Kampung Bayam.

The implementation of the RAP program also involves stakeholders with the division of roles

between stakeholders, mapping related to the priority of scope and limits of roles, the synergy that

arises, and collaboration from program implementation. PT Jakpro is mainly associated with its role

as a facilitator, which includes providing advocacy assistance for the people of Kampung Bayam,

facilitating the community to express their opinions, and becoming a conveyor of information to the

local government. The involvement of stakeholders is in accordance with what was conveyed by Ife

(1997), which states that change actors in community empowerment efforts are seen with several

roles, such as roles and skills as educators, facilitators, and representatives. In addition, the

involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of the RAP program is quite relevant to the theory

presented by the Scheme (2020), where to minimize the impact of the RAP program, it is necessary

to fully involve all stakeholders, especially direct stakeholders such as communities affected by

development projects that are accommodated through public participation and community

involvement.

Advocacy carried out by PT. Jakpro, through the delivery of aspirations, has been collected from

the people of Kampung Bayam in various ways and methods carried out by the management of the

RAP Program, showing that there are several aspiration management so that they become an integral

part of the implementation of the RAP Program, such as the emergence of community expectations

and the hope of well-carried out negotiations. The management of community aspirations towards

the RAP Program implementation is carried out with the emergence of community sustainability. The

advocacy carried out is quite relevant to the opinion of Freddolino et al. (2004), which states the types

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of advocacies, and one of them is providing advocacy services to vulnerable parties by creating

support to improve their function. Advocacy for the RAP Program for the people of Kampung Bayam

based on empirical facts is carried out by taking a person-centered advocacy approach, where

practitioners, in this case, PT Jakpro, develop a trusting relationship with the people of Kampung

Bayam, thus enabling them to be able to behave and act on behalf of the people of Kampung Bayam.

Advocacy for the people of Kampung Bayam with the RAP Program is also reflected through the

implementation of advocacy based on Human Rights (HAM), where PT Jakpro determines decisions

and policies based on the rights of the people of Kampung Bayam based on the principles of rights

and humanity. An essential point in the implementation of the RAP program is that advocacy becomes

a social democratic practice that allows the community to overcome obstacles in achieving life goals

for the people of Kampung Bayam.

The implementation of the RAP program carried out by PT Jakpro is quite in line with the theory

conveyed by Kurniati et al. (2013), wherein the development of the RAP program the best

resettlement area is an area that is economically and environmentally beneficial to the affected

community, in this case, it is the community of Kampung Bayam due to the development of JIS. The

responsibility of PT Jakpro and the RAP compensation scheme stipulates that PT Jakpro and the

Government of DKI Jakarta are responsible for granting rights to all Kampung Bayam community

groups entitled to receive resettlement assistance and the schedule for granting their rights.

The site selection process and choice of shelter and infrastructure provided in the new location

for the people of Kampung Bayam adequately reflect the preferences of the affected residents and the

best opportunities for timely livelihood recovery. This is in accordance with the IFC theory, which

conveys that the RAP must identify and provide details regarding the roles and responsibilities of all

organizations, be they government or private, government or non-government, that will be

responsible for resettlement activities, especially for the people of Kampung Bayam.

The findings show that Jakpro has conducted an assessment of the needs and desires of the

Kampung Bayam community. The conditions follow the theory presented in the advocacy table from

Dalrymple & Boylan (2013). The planning process is quite relevant to the theory, where the planning

process is carried out by developing several strategies to overcome all obstacles of the Kampung

Bayam community and achieve the expected goals together. The process of advocating in this

research is demonstrated in Figure 1."

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Figure 1 Advocacy dynamic in a community

The Process of Empowering the Spinach Village Community in the Resettlement Action Plan

(RAP) Program in the Context of Advocacy

The implementation of community empowerment in Kampung Bayam carried out by PT Jakpro

through the RAP program has been done through an assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation,

and review. In every process, PT Jakpro prioritizes enabling, empowering, and protecting. The

enabling principle is carried out by increasing the potential or willingness of the people of Kampung

Bayam. The empowering principle is carried out by providing MSME management with training in

plant cultivation. In addition, PT Jakpro also offers facilities to practice the training provided, such as

facilitating the formation of cooperatives and worker canteens in the JIS development project. Then,

the scheme of the protective implementation process is also carried out by maintaining the

community, especially the people of Kampung Bayam. The protection scheme is carried out by

forming cooperatives and holding social activities as one of the first steps.

The process of implementing community advocacy in Kampung Bayam is by various aspects of

empowerment proposed by Friedmann (1994) in Noor (2011), which states that community

empowerment is a concept of economic development that formulates community values to build a

new paradigm in development which includes three enabling aspects by increasing community

potential through a potential developed to build strength by encouraging the people of Kampung

Bayam. The empowering aspect that PT Jakpro has carried out is carried out by strengthening the

potential of the existing Kampung Bayam community through genuine efforts to implement various

community-strengthening opportunities, one of which is carried out through capacity-building efforts

through training and opening access to employment by building food stalls MSMEs. The protecting

•Public awareness

•Public Hearing

•eligibility criteria,

•level of

compensation,

• assistance for

the relocation

level

•Negotiations and

consensus (FGD)

•Educational

approach

•Client and

stakeholder

involvement

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aspect that PT Jakpro has carried out is relevant to the theory, where it is stated that the protecting

element is carried out by maintaining vulnerable communities by referring to the pattern of

participation shown by the people of Kampung Bayam.

Community empowerment of Kampung Bayam through the RAP Program is carried out by

forming communities or organization empowerment such as creating community cooperatives and

opening business stalls managed by the local community. The people of Kampung Bayam is also

empowered by synergizing empowerment with the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government through

training in the hope of creating sustainable benefits. The empowerment and advocacy carried out by

PT Jakpro can be classified into social democracy practices that allow one to overcome obstacles in

achieving the life goals of the people of Kampung Bayam to gain access and improve services, as well

as contribute to the practice of focusing on social injustice. The empowerment of the Kampung Bayam

community is relevant to the theory presented by Adi (2012), which states that empowerment

becomes a continuous process, not a temporary empowerment, meaning that the empowerment

carried out is also in collaboration with various stakeholders, both the DKI Jakarta Provincial

Government and other institutions. The existing field findings are pretty in line with the theory

presented by Payne (2020), where the form of empowerment in the advocacy process carried out by

PT Jakpro can be classified into social democracy practices that allow someone to overcome obstacles

in achieving the life goals of the Kampung Bayam community to gain access and improve services, as

well as contribute to the practice of focusing on social injustice.

The fact of findings in the field are enough to show the closeness of the theory conveyed by

Payne (2020), which states that empowerment and advocacy are two things that are interrelated with

self-help and individuals so that the people of Kampung Bayam can participate in decision-making

related to what empowerment they will run. This condition is reflected in the development process

of the Kampung Bayam community by first discussing aspirations about what empowerment they

will carry out by looking at the interests and potentials of the Kampung Bayam community.

Empowerment formed based on the capital owned by the community, one of which is expertise,

interest, and potential capital, will create an increase in the capacity of the community itself through

empowerment.

In addition, the empowerment of the Kampung Bayam community is quite relevant to the

theory presented by Ife (1995) that empowerment is the decision of the surrounding community

itself related to how to survive the resettlement transfer in the construction of the Jakarta

International Stadium (JIS). The implementation of community empowerment in Kampung Bayam is

also carried out by increasing the capacity of the community. The provision of community capacity

building is also carried out by utilizing relationship development. This shows that the advocacy

process can also be carried out based on the principles of empowerment, which emphasizes the

understanding that society is a collection of people who have potential as social beings. In Figure 2

below, we can see how advocacy implementation empowers community through the empowerment

process.

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Figure 2 Empowerment process in advocacy implementation

4. Conclusion

The dynamics of advocacy for the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) program in the Kampung

Bayam Community is carried out by applying the contextual principles of delivering information on

the RAP program through socialization, aspiration listening activities, discussion forums, and

community consultations that PT Jakpro has facilitated. The application of the principles of

negotiation and consensus is carried out by carrying out joint negotiation activities with the people

of Kampung Bayam. Planning for community participation in the RAP program is carried out through

the Group Discussion Forum, the creation of a forum for community aspirations, and the presence of

facilitators or mentors. There is a role for stakeholders in the implementation of the RAP Program for

the people of Kampung Bayam by involving the role of facilitators from PT Jakarta Propertindo

(Jakpro). The empowerment of the Kampung Bayam community in the Resettlement Action Plan

(RAP) program is carried out through the process of enabling, empowering, and protecting.

Empowerment is carried out in the form of the formation of organizations as a tool for empowering

the people of Kampung Bayam through the RAP Program, which involves the formation of community

cooperatives and the opening of business stalls managed by the community. There are efforts to

increase community capacity by utilizing relationship development and synergizing empowerment

with the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government.

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