Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024
E-ISSN: 2723 – 6692
P-ISSN: 2723 – 6595
http://jiss.publikasiindonesia.id/
Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024 705
A Comprehensive Analysis of Public Choices in Mass Transport
and Assessing Development Challenges in The Transportation
Sector
Ipoeng Martha Marsikun, Paulus Israwan Setyoko, Hikmah Nuraini,
Muslih Faozanudin, Denok Kurniasih
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Purwokerto, Indonesia
Email: ipoeng.marsikun@mhs.unsoed.ac.id
Correspondence: ipoeng.mar[email protected]soed.ac.id
*
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Public Preferences; Mode
of Transportation;
Banyumas Regency
The primary objective of this research is to investigate public
transportation governance in Banyumas Regency using the New
Public Management (NPM) paradigm, with the aim of enhancing
efficiency and effectiveness. The study focuses on understanding the
factors that influence people's preferences for public transportation
modes, particularly in relation to availability, cost, comfort, safety,
and environmental concerns. The research also aims to address the
challenges associated with the perception of private vehicles as
status symbols, recognizing their impact on economic and societal
development. The study employs quantitative methods and the
SmartPLS4 analysis tool to uncover significant findings regarding
the positive impacts of availability and comfort on preferences and
the varying influences of cost, environment, and security. The
ultimate goal is to provide insights that can inform the development
of transportation policies, promoting effectiveness and alignment
with the community's needs in Banyumas Regency.
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
1. Introduction
Transportation is transporting goods or people using various types of transportation
geographically (Steenbrink, 1974). Transportation has a vital role in shaping the face and
development of a region in the long run as a formative power. The role of transportation includes
support for other sectors and as a driver to open up regional isolation. In addition, transportation also
plays a role in supporting the community's economic growth by facilitating the movement of goods
and people, which can increase the economic value of an area (Adisasmita, 2012).
Analysis of factors influencing people's preference towards mass transportation in Indonesia is
considered necessary for understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with its
implementation (Cannas et al., 2020). By identifying and addressing these factors, policymakers can
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Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024 706
develop strategies to promote public transit, increase mobility, reduce congestion, and make mass
transportation safer, more convenient, and more sustainable (Miller et al., 2016).
The congestion problem in a region's governance not only impacts the community's socio-
economic problems but also causes public problems such as the obstruction of public transportation
services, health services, and transportation of waste from the community. Congestion can also
damage public trust, so the government is responsible for providing services to solve congestion
problems (Nasution, 2004).
The development of the transportation sector is closely related to infrastructure development,
such as toll roads, airports, monorails, and freight transportation systems at ports. However, it should
be acknowledged that not all infrastructure development can fully solve transportation problems in
Indonesia. A study conducted by transportation infrastructure experts at the Bandung Institute of
Technology (ITB) shows that although infrastructure development can improve the transportation
system, it is only sometimes an absolute solution. There are several complex and dynamic factors
involved in transportation problems, including people's movement patterns, transportation policies,
and social and economic aspects (Savitri, 2022).
Thus, while infrastructure development can significantly contribute, it is essential to consider
its other aspects and investigate holistic solutions involving various areas, including traffic
management policies, regulations, and public awareness. Policies issued by the Government must also
be in line with the program proclaimed. For example, the bus ride program or returning to public
transportation will have a more positive impact if accompanied by incentives for purchasing public
transportation units, not even incentives given to private vehicles. This means that transportation
infrastructure development must be integrated with a broader and integrated approach to achieve
increased efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation system in Indonesia.
Table 1 Types of Transport
No
Types Of Transport
Number Of Fleets
2021
2022
1
Intercity Between Provinces
(Antar Kota Antar Propinsi/AKAP)
50
47
2
Intercity within Provinces
(Antar Kota dalam Propinsi/AKDP)
421
413
3
Bus Rapid Transit Trans Banyumas
(BRT Trans Banyumas)
0
52
4
Urban Transport
(Angkutan Perkotaan/Angkot)
328
294
5
Rural Transport (Angkutan Pedesaan
(Angkudes)
596
596
6
Taxi
46
46
7
Travel shuttle transportation
106
106
8
Tourism Transport (7 operators)
125
125
9
Bus Rapid Transit Trans Central Java
(BRT Trans Jateng)
14
14
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Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024 707
Total
1.686
1.693
Source: Banyumas Regency Transportation Office 2023
However, this condition also has a negative impact in the form of increased traffic density and
congestion, especially on the main roads leading to the city center and industrial areas. The 2022
survey by the Banyumas Regency Transportation Office shows that the average traffic density level
on national roads and main roads has reached 0.8 (0.8 degree of saturation), close to the congestion
threshold. During peak hours, congestion points generally occur around Purwokerto, Purwareja
Klampok, Wangon, and the city center (source: Banyuma Regency Transportation Offices).
Most previous studies have focused more on user characteristics such as age, gender, and
income in examining transportation mode preferences (Chowdhury et al., 2018; Ho et al., 2020; Ismail et al.,
2012; Matubatuba & De Meyer-Heydenrych, 2022). Even so, comprehensive research has yet to be done on
public transportation mode preferences in the Banyumas Regency (Putro et al., 2022).
The research findings are expected to provide a comprehensive picture of the factors of
Banyumas people's preferences in choosing transportation modes so that they can be used as
recommendations for the Banyumas Regency Government and public transportation operators in
formulating policies and strategies to improve the quality of public transportation services according
to user preferences. Thus, public transportation is expected to be an efficient, environmentally
friendly mode of transportation and reduce traffic congestion and exhaust emissions of motorized
vehicles in the Banyumas Regency. This research is an integral part of supporting the development of
intelligent transportation systems in Banyumas Regency, which is a step toward the concept of a
smart city in the future (Marsikun et al., 2023).
2. Materials and Methods
The research method employed in this study utilizes a quantitative approach with a cluster
random sampling technique. The research location is in Banyumas Regency, with the object of
research involving users of transportation modes in the Regency consisting of 27 Districts with
divisions into 10 Clusters. The study population includes people who use transportation modes in
Banyumas Regency in 2022, with 3,267,059 users or passengers. The sampling method used is cluster
random sampling using the Slovin formula to determine the sample size. Based on calculations, the
minimum sample size required is 400 respondents, data analysis used with SmartPLS4 analysis
applications.
3. Results and Discussions
Research Results
The data obtained from the study conducted in January 2024 includes 535 respondents. After
the data cleansing process, the number of respondents that can be considered reaches 480, spread
across ten sampling areas or clusters. A total of 55 respondents were removed from the analysis
because they were considered not eligible for age, i.e., under 17 years old. To expand the coverage
area, additional respondents were involved in Wangon Terminal, covering the Lumbir and Rawaheng
areas; Ajibarang Terminal, covering the northern part of Ajibarang and Pekuncen; and Karanglewas
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Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2024 708
Terminal, covering the Kedungbanteng and Karanglewas Kidul areas. The results of the addition of
respondents are then recorded as follows:
Table 2 Number of Respondents
Cluster Sampling
Respondent
Target
Difference
%
Bulupitu Terminal
81
80
1
17%
Karanglewas Terminal
54
40
14
11%
Sokaraja Terminal
53
40
13
11%
Ajibarang Terminal
52
40
12
11%
Wangon Terminal
49
40
9
10%
Baturraden Terminal
47
40
7
10%
Pasarpon Terminal
37
30
7
8%
Bulupitu Terminal
37
30
7
8%
Notog Patikraja Terminal
36
30
6
8%
Banyumas Lama Terminal
34
30
4
7%
Total Respond
480
400
80
100%
Source: Primary Data of Research Results, January 2024
Discussion
The Banyumas Regency has experienced increased economic activity and population growth
recently. According to BPS data, in 2022, the population reached 1,806,013 people, with a growth rate
of 0.91% per year. Economic growth reached 5.86% in 2022, exceeding the local government's target
and Central Java's economic growth rate. The trade, hotel, and restaurant sectors are driving
economic growth. The positive impact of economic and population growth can be seen in the increase
in the needs and activities of the movement of people and goods in Banyumas Regency. Data shows
there are 879,023 units of vehicles in operation, including passenger cars, buses, freight cars,
motorcycles, and special vehicles (Source: korlantas.polri.go.id).
Analysis of Research Results
1. Results of Measurement Model Analysis (Outer Model)
The outer loadings assessment assesses the correlation between the score item or indicator and
its construct score, which shows a statement item's validity level. Outer loadings testing is carried out
based on the results of questionnaire trials that have been carried out for all research variables. There
are stages of testing with data analysis techniques to assess outer loadings, namely individual item
reliability, internal consistency reliability, average variance extracted, discriminant validity, and
Variant analysis (R2) or Determination Test. There are the following Variable descriptions: 1. AVA:
Availability, 2.COM: Comfort, 3. CST: Cost, 4. SFT: Safety, 5. ENV: Environment and 6. PRP: Public
Preference.